Fig. 5. HMB reversed impaired mTORC1 signaling in alcoholic liver disease. Representative immunoblots and densitometry of phosphorylated mTOR (Ser2448) and signaling response to mTORC1 activation (phosphorylation of P70S6 kinase and ribosomal S6 protein) shown. (A). Differentiated C2C12 myotubes that were untreated or treated with 100 mM ethanol, with or without 50 µM HMB. (B) Studies in gastrocnemius muscle from PF or mALD mice with or without HMB. All data expressed as mean±SD from at least three biological replicates for experiments in C2C12 myotubes; n=6 mALD and n=4 PF mice in each group. * p<0.05; ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001. EtOH: ethanol; HMB b-hydroxy-b-methyl butyrate; UnT: untreated controls; PF: pair-fed mice; mALD: mouse model of ALD.